Histone deacetylases (HDAC) are a family of 11 enzymes that are involved in the regulation of gene activation and silencing by regulating chromatin structure. HDAC11 is responsible for the deacetylation of lysine residues on the N-terminal part of the core histones (H2A, H2B, H3 and H4). Deacetylation of histones is associated with the condensation of chromatin to a compact structure (heterochromatin) in which the genes are silenced. Each member of the HDAC family exhibits a different, indivi

Histone H1b are basic nuclear proteins that are responsible for the nucleosome structure of the chromosomal fiber in eukaryotes. Nucleosomes consist of approximately 146 bp of DNA wrapped around a histone octamer composed of pairs of each of the four core histones (H2A, H2B, H3, and H4). The chromatin fiber is further compacted through the interaction of a linker histone, H1, with the DNA between the nucleosomes to form higher order chromatin structures. This gene is intronless and encodes a

The proteasome is a multicatalytic proteinase complex with a highly ordered ring-shaped 20S core structure. The core structure is composed of 4 rings of 28 non-identical subunits; 2 rings are composed of 7 alpha subunits and 2 rings are composed of 7 beta subunits. Proteasomes are distributed throughout eukaryotic cells at a high concentration and cleave peptides in an ATP/ubiquitin-dependent process in a non-lysosomal pathway. An essential function of a modified proteasome, the immunoproteas

Histones play a critical role in transcriptional regulation, cell cycle progression, and developmental events. Histone acetylation/deacetylation alters chromosome structure and affects transcription factor access to DNA. The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the class II histone deacetylase/acuc/apha family. It possesses histone deacetylase activity and represses transcription when tethered to a promoter. It coimmunoprecipitates only with HDAC3 family member and might form multicomple

This gene an enzyme which catalyzes the transfer of the gamma-phosphate from ATP to adenosine, thereby serving as a regulator of concentrations of both extracellular adenosine and intracellular adenine nucleotides. Adenosine has widespread effects on the cardiovascular, nervous, respiratory, and immune systems and inhibitors of the enzyme could play an important pharmacological role in increasing intravascular adenosine concentrations and acting as anti-inflammatory agents. Multiple transcr

Gab1 is a 115 kDa multiple docking protein that plays an essential role in cellular growth, transformation and apoptosis. Gab1 can be phosphorylated by multiple receptor tyrosine kinase (RTKs), including: insulin receptor (IR), platelet derived growth factor receptor beta] (PDGFRbeta]), hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor receptor (HGFR/SFR or c Met), and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGF), as well as in response to cell cell adhesion. Gab1 is tyrosine phosphorylated on at least 16 si