Cytokeratin 12 is a member of the intermediate filament family of proteins and is a heterotetramer of two type I and two type II keratins. Keratin 3 is specifically expressed in the corneal epithelium with family member KRT12. Cytokeratin 12 encodes the type I intermediate filament chain keratin 12, expressed in corneal epithelia. Defects in KRT3 and KRT12 are a cause of Meesmann corneal dystrophy (MCD), an autosomal dominant disease that causes fragility of the anterior corneal epithelium.

Methylation of DNA contributes to the regulation of gene transcription in eukaryotic systems. DNA methylation is predominantly found on cytosine residues that are present in dinucleotide motifs consisting of a 5' cytosine followed by a guanosine (CpG), and it requires the enzymatic activity of DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs), which results in transcriptional repression of the methylated gene. DNA methyltransferase 1-associating protein (Dmap1) binds to methyl-CpG rich domains and mediate the

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to a family of P-type cation-transporting ATPases. The gastric H+, K+-ATPase is a heterodimer consisting of a high molecular weight catalytic alpha subunit and a smaller but heavily glycosylated beta subunit. This enzyme is a proton pump that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP coupled with the exchange of H(+) and K(+) ions across the plasma membrane. It is also responsible for gastric acid secretion. This gene encodes the beta subunit of the gastric H+,

DNA damage or incomplete replication of DNA results in the inhibition of cell cycle progression at the G1 to S or the G2 to M phase transition by conserved regulatory mechanisms known as cell cycle checkpoints. Checkpoint proteins include Rad17, which is involved in regulating cell cycle progression at the G1 checkpoint as well as Chk1, Chk2, Rad1, Rad9 and Hus1, which are involved in regulating cell cycle arrest at the G2 checkpoint. In response to DNA damage, ATM and ATR kinases are importa